If you need to cite multiple sources in one sentence, you can combine the citations into one footnote, separated by semicolons:ġ.

Combining multiple citationsĭo not place multiple footnotes at the same point in your text (e.g. Joseph (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), 91.Ģ. Mary Shelley, Frankenstein or, the Modern Prometheus, ed. Shorten them in a way that retains the keyword(s) so that the text is still easily recognizable for the reader:ġ. In short notes, titles of more than four words are shortened. However, if the source doesn’t have page numbers, or if you’re referring to the text as a whole, you can omit the page number. If you quote a source or refer to a specific passage, include a page number or range. Full notes also include all the relevant publication information in parentheses (which varies by source type). The citation always includes the author’s name and the title of the text, and it always ends with a period.

The footnote contains the number of the citation followed by a period and then the citation itself. The numbering does not restart with a new page or section (although in a book-length text it may restart with each new chapter).ĭiscover proofreading & editing Content of Chicago footnotes Your first citation is marked with a 1, your second with a 2, and so on. Notes should be numbered consecutively, starting from 1, across the whole text. Johnson argues that “the data is unconvincing” 1-but Smith contends that … Johnson argues that “the data is unconvincing.” 1 It is placed after any punctuation except a dash:

The reference number appears in superscript at the end of the clause or sentence it refers to. You can easily insert footnotes in Microsoft Word. They appear at the bottom of the relevant page, corresponding to reference numbers in the text. Placement of footnotesįootnotes should be used whenever a source is quoted or paraphrased in the text. Check with your instructor if you’re unsure. Sometimes you might be required to use a full note for every citation, or to use a short note every time as long as all sources appear in the Chicago style bibliography. The guidelines for use of short and full notes can vary across different fields and institutions.

Apa endnotes